Microscopes play a very important role in conducting a surgery. It is commonly used in a microsurgery. As the main instrument for microsurgery, the microscope magnifies the operating field, provide instrumentation accurate enough to maneuver under any magnification, and allow the surgeon to operate on the structures and parts barely visible to the human eye. That is the main reason it is called microsurgery. Like the forceps, scissors, needle holders, vascular lamps, irrigators, vessel dilators, and various standards surgical tools, the microscope also differ in number of ways from a conventional instruments. And so, the surgeon is required to have an extensive training and practice on the use and operation of the microscope and other microsurgical equipments, specifically on maintaining constant visual contact on the microscope during the surgery and how to properly perform basic techniques in microsurgery. The microsurgery is a kind of surgery that is performed on very small structures, such as blood vessels and nerves, with specialized instruments under a microscope. Procedures on this surgery are performed on the parts and organs of the body which are best and accurately shown by the microscope such as the blood vessels, nerves, and the tubes. The methods in microsurgery have been used during as early as the twentieth century. The first ever microsurgeries are the repair of blood vessels and the organ transplants.

Jules Jacobson of the University of Vermont described the first microvascular surgery with the use of a microscope to help in the repair of blood vessels in 1960. However, the first surgery on the replantation of the amputated body part was said to have been done during 1964 by Harry Bunke. This is a successful replantation of a human hand. In the following years, another replantation was done attaching a toe to a hand of a monkey using a microsurgical method. This made the techniques on microsurgery famous and started to be used in several clinical settings. There are a range of specialties used in the techniques of microsurgery. There is a surgeon who performs microsurgery on the small, delicate structures of the inner ear and the vocal chords known as Otolaryngologists, also called the ear, nose, and throat doctors. There are also opthalmologists who remove cataracts, and perform corneal transplants and treat eye problems. They are also called eye doctors. There are also doctors called urologists, those that specialized in male sterilization by reversing vasectomies, and the gynecologists that reverse tubal ligations or female sterilization. The methods used in microsurgery are also being applied by plastic surgeons whose specialty is on the reconstructing of damaged or disfigured skin, muscles and other tissues, and also transplanting tissues from other parts of the body.

Also, a number of specializations can respond to treat patients for replantation of amputated parts, or another part can be replaced for the one that is lost or considered incapable. The technique of microsurgery is used for saving lives nowadays. Brain abnormalities and cancerous tumors found in the human brain can now be cured and removed by neurosurgeons.